Planificación quirúrgica de colgajo faríngeo a medida para insuficiencia velofaríngea secundaria a fisura de paladar: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Surgical planning of a tailor-made pharyngeal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency secondary to a cleft palate: case report and literature review

Resumen La insuficiencia velofaríngea (IVF) es una de las principales secuelas estructurales tras la palatoplastía primaria en casos de fisura de paladar. La IVF se caracteriza por la ausencia de tejido suficiente para lograr un cierre adecuado del mecanismo velofaríngeo durante el habla, lo que conlleva a una resonancia hipernasal y la emisión nasal de aire durante la producción de sonidos orales. Al respecto, el tratamiento ideal para corregir la IVF es quirúrgico, dentro de los cuales el colgajo faríngeo de pedículo superior es uno de los procedimientos más utilizados en nuestro país. Para su realización es fundamental determinar el ancho necesario, lo cual puede ser determinado mediante una videofluoroscopía multiplano (VFMP). Por esto, con el objetivo de potenciar el trabajo multidisciplinario en la corrección quirúrgica de la IVF, a continuación, se presentan los procedimientos de evaluación fonoaudiológica, videonasofaríngoscopía flexible y videofluoroscopía multiplano utilizados para la planificación quirúrgica de un colgajo faríngeo en un adolescente chileno diagnosticado con IVF secundaria a fisura palatina operada. Además, se describe el uso de la VFMP en la planificación quirúrgica del colgajo faríngeo mediante una revisión de literatura.

Abstract Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is one of the main structural sequelae after primary palatoplasty in cases of cleft palate. VPI is characterized by the absence of sufficient tissue to achieve adequate closure of the velopharyngeal mechanism (VFM) generating hyper-nasal resonance and nasal emission during the production of oral sounds. In cases of cleft palate, the ideal treatment to correct VPI is surgery. The upper pedicle pharyngeal flap is one of the most widely used procedures. To plan it, is essential to determine the appropriate width, which can be determined by means of multiplane videofluoroscopy (MPVF). For this reason, and with the aim of promoting multidisciplinary approach in the surgical correction of VPI, the following procedures such as speech and language evaluation, flexible videonasopharyngoscopy and multiplane videofluoroscopy used for the surgical planning of a pharyngeal flap, in a Chilean adolescent diagnosed with VPI secondary to operated cleft palate, will be presented. In addition, the use of MPVF in pharyngeal flap surgical planning is described through a literature review.

Pharyngeal bulb prosthesis and speech outcome in patients with cleft palate / Obturador faríngeo e resultados de fala em pacientes com fissura palatina

Abstract Introduction: Individuals with cleft palate can present with velopharyngeal dysfunction after primary palatoplasty and require a secondary treatment due to insufficiency. In these cases, the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis can be used temporarily while awaiting secondary surgery. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the outcome of treatment of hypernasality with pharyngeal bulb prosthesis in patients with history of cleft palate presenting with velopharyngeal insufficiency after primary palatal surgery. We hypothesized that the use of the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis is an effective approach to eliminate hypernasality related to velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate. Methods: Thirty speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (15 males and 15 females) with operated cleft palate, ages ranging from 6 to 14 years (mean: 9 years; SD = 1.87 years), participated in the study. All patients were fitted with a pharyngeal bulb prosthesis to manage velopharyngeal insufficiency while they were awaiting corrective surgery to be scheduled. Auditory-perceptual analysis of speech recorded in the conditions with and without pharyngeal bulb prosthesis were obtained from three listeners who rated the presence or absence of hypernasality for this study. Results: Seventy percent of the patients eliminated hypernasality while employing the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis, while 30% still presented with hypernasality. The comparison was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis is an effective approach to eliminate hypernasality related to velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Resumo Introdução: Indivíduos com fissura palatina podem apresentar disfunção velofaríngea após a palatoplastia primária e necessitam de um secundário devido à insuficiência velofaríngea. Nesses casos, o obturador faríngeo pode ser usado temporariamente enquanto se aguarda uma cirurgia secundária. Objetivo: Investigar o resultado do tratamento da hipernasalidade com o uso de obturador faríngeo em pacientes com histórico de fissura palatina que apresentam insuficiência velofaríngea após a palatoplastia primária. Nossa hipótese é que o uso do obturador faríngeo seja uma abordagem eficaz para eliminar a hipernasalidade relacionada à insuficiência velofaríngea em pacientes com fissura palatina Método: Participaram do estudo 30 indivíduos falantes do Português Brasileiro (15 homens e 15 mulheres) com fissura palatina operada, de 6 a 14 anos de idade (média: 9 anos; DP = 1,87 anos). Todos os pacientes receberam obturador faríngeo para o tratamento da insuficiência velofaríngea, enquanto aguardavam vaga para a cirurgia secundária. A análise perceptivo-auditiva da fala, realizada nas condições com e sem obturador faríngeo, foi realizada por três ouvintes, quanto à presença e ausência da hipernasalidade. Resultados: 70% dos pacientes eliminaram a hipernasalidade de fala com o uso do obturador faríngeo, enquanto 30% não eliminaram. A comparação foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Conclusão: O uso temporário do obturador faríngeo é uma abordagem efetiva para eliminar a hipernasalidade decorrente da insuficiência velofaríngea.

Evaluación perceptual de la insuficiencia velofaríngea en personas con fisura del paladar: una revisión integradora de literatura / Perceptual evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency in people with cleft palate: an integrative literature review

La insuficiencia velofaríngea (IVF) secundaria de fisura del paladar corresponde al cierre incompleto del mecanismo velofaríngeo durante el habla, debido a una falta de tejido en el paladar blando o las paredes de la faringe, lo cual genera una resonancia hipernasal y una emisión nasal de aire en los sonidos orales. Al respecto, en la literatura existen diversas propuestas para la evaluación perceptual de la IVF. Por esto, el objetivo del presente estudio es describir la evaluación perceptiva auditiva de la insuficiencia velofaríngea, mediante una revisión integradora de literatura. Para ello, en mayo de 2020 las bases de datos electrónicas PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO y Cochrane, fueron consultadas utilizando las palabras claves en inglés: "Velopharyngeal Sphincter", "Velopharyngeal Insufficiency", "Cleft Palate", "Speech Intelligibility", "Speech Production Measurement", "Speech Articulation Tests" y "Speech-Language Pathology" y sus respectivos equivalentes en portugués y español. Se seleccionaron artículos originales relacionados al tema, y se creó un protocolo específico para la extracción de los datos. En total se encontraron 2.385 artículos. De ellos, 2.354 fueron excluidos por el título, 13 por el resumen y 3 luego de la lectura del texto completo. Finalmente, a partir de la metodología desarrollada, en esta revisión fueron utilizados 33 artículos. A partir de la revisión realizada se concluye que los parámetros más utilizados en la evaluación son la hipernasalidad, la emisión nasal y la articulación compensatoria asociada a IVF. Estos parámetros son evaluados principalmente en oraciones, habla espontánea y palabras, por un fonoaudiólogo experto, en vivo y mediante grabaciones de audio.

Secondary Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) to cleft palate corresponds to the incomplete closure of the velopharyngeal mechanism during speech, due to lack of tissue in the soft palate or the walls of the pharynx, which generates a hypernasal resonance and nasal air emission in oral sounds. In this regard, there are various proposals in the literature for the perceptual evaluation of VPI. For this reason, the objective of the present study is to describe the auditory perceptual evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency, through an integrative literature review. To this end, in May 2020 the electronic databases PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO and Cochrane were consulted using the key words in English: "Velopharyngeal Sphincter", "Velopharyngeal Insufficiency", "Cleft Palate", "Speech Intelligibility", "Speech Production Measurement", "Speech Articulation Tests" and "Speech-Language Pathology", and their equivalent properties in Portuguese and Spanish. Original articles related to the topic were selected, and a specific protocol for data extraction was created. In total, 2,385 articles were found. Of these, 2,354 were excluded due to the title, 13 due to the abstract and 3 after reading the full text. Finally, based on the methodology developed, 33 articles were used in this review. From the review carried out, it is concluded that the parameters most used in the evaluation are hypernasality, nasal emission and the compensatory joint associated with IVF. These parameters are evaluated mainly in sentences, spontaneous speech and words, by an expert speech therapist, live and through audio recordings.

Clinical study on obstructive sleep apnea following pharyngeal flap surgery / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aims to investigate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in cleft patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after pharyngeal flap surgery (PFS) and explore the influence of operation age.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted in 82 cleft patients after PFS. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age at the time of surgery. The incidence and severity of OSA were assessed at least 1.2 years (mean 6.0 years) postoperatively by polysomnography (PSG).@*RESULTS@#The incidence rates of OSA were 20% in the adult group and 31% in the child group. No significant difference was found between the two groups (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Some patients still have OSA average of 6.0 years after PFS, and operation ageis unrelated to the incidence and severity of OSA.

Role of Speech Aid Prosthesis as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aid for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Defect: A Case Report

ABSTRACT@#Soft palate tumors pose the challenge during reconstructive and rehabilitating procedures. Surgical resection of these tumors leads to velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). The primary effects of VPI are hypernasality and air-flow escape, while the secondary effects are abnormalities in speech articulation. Surgical revision along with speech therapy is a common approach to the treatment of VPI. Prosthetic management by means of speech aid prosthesis helps to reduce resonance, nasal emission and consonants errors. This clinical report describes the different stages of rehabilitation of velopharyngeal insufficiency defect following resection of malignant melanoma of left posterior alveolar ridge and soft palate. The speech aid prosthesis helped to rehabilitate the velopharyngeal insufficiency defect and aided in the diagnosis of extent of speech function improvement by perceptual and objective methods.

Cephalometric predictors of hypernasality and nasal air emission

Abstract During times of increasingly recognized importance of interprofessional practices, professionals in Medicine, Dentistry, and Speech Pathology areas cooperate to optimize treatment of velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), after primary palatoplasty for correction of cleft palate. Objective Our study aims to compare velar length, velar thickness, and depth of the nasopharynx of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with the presence, or absence, of hypernasality and nasal air emission; and to verify if the depth:length ratio, between nasopharynx and velum, would be predictive of consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (speech signs of VPD). Methodology Cephalometric radiographs and outcome of speech assessment were obtained from 429 individuals, between 6 and 9 years of age, with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate. Velar length, velar thickness, depth of the nasopharynx, depth:length ratio, scores of hypernasality, and scores of nasal air emission were studied and compared; grouping the radiographs according to presence or absence of hypernasality and nasal air emission. Results For the group with speech signs of velopharyngeal dysfunction (those with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission), the velums were shorter and thinner; the nasopharynx was deeper and the depth:length ratio was larger than the group without hypernasality and nasal air emission. Velar length was significantly shorter in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001) and with history of palatal fistula (p=0.032). Depth of nasopharynx was significantly greater in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001). Depthlength ratio was significantly larger in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001). A depth:length ratio larger than 0.93 was always associated with speech signs of VPD. Conclusion Estimated with cephalometric radiographs, a depth:length ratio greater than 0.93, between the nasopharyngeal space and the velum, was 100% accurate in predicting hypernasality and nasal air emission after primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Congenital Heart Disease Revealing Familial 22q11 Deletion Syndrome

Abstract Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects and the leading cause of mortality in the first year of life. It is well known that the 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans and that congenial heart diseases (CHDs) are one of the most common phenotypic manifestations. However, it should be noted that the 22q11 deletion was also found in a significant number of patients with isolated CHD. The 22q11DS phenotype may include cardiovascular anomalies, palatal abnormalities, nasal voice, immune deficiency, endocrine dysfunctions, a varying degree of cognitive deficits and intellectual disabilities, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism. This condition affects about 1 in 4,000 live births, making 22q11DS the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. Here we describe the cases of three children who were referred to the clinical hospital center with the diagnosis of CHD, but with no direct signs of 22q11DS. Investigation of familial data led us to suspect that the mothers could be carriers of 22q11DS. The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) testing confirmed that the patients and mothers exhibited 3 Mb 22q11 deletions, which justified the clinical signs in the mothers and the CHD in children. In the presence of a few characteristics that are common of a spectrum of some known syndromes, a familial examination can provide clues to a definitive diagnosis, as well as to the prevention of diseases and genetic counseling of these patients.

Faringoplastía de reposición con suturas barbadas como tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño / Barbed sutures reposition pharyngoplasty as surgical treatment in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: La planificación de cirugías para el manejo del síndrome de apneahipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) ha incrementado su precisión desde la introducción de la endoscopía del sueño inducido por fármacos (DISE). OBJETIVO: Evaluar la técnica de faringoplastía de reposición con suturas barbadas (BRP) para el colapso velofaríngeo y/o de paredes laterales orofaríngeas evaluado mediante DISE en pacientes con SAHOS. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Ochenta y ocho pacientes fueron evaluados para cirugía mediante antropometría, escala de somnolencia de Epworth (ESS) y poligrafía respiratoria. Veinte y seis de 88 pacientes fueron seleccionados. De los 26, 14 accedieron al tratamiento quirúrgico, el que se seleccionó en base a la DISE. En todos los casos, se realizó BRP. RESULTADOS: A los 3 meses de la cirugía hubo mejoría en 10/14 pacientes (criterios de Sher, disminución del índice de apnea-hipoapnea a <20 o 50% del basal). La ESS bajó en promedio de 12 a 5 puntos (p <0,05). No se reportaron incidentes en el posoperatorio y no han ocurrido eventos adversos. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de BRP es una técnica sencilla y útil para la expansión anterior y lateral del paladar blando y orofaringe, con una tasa de éxito similar en esta cohorte a la reportada internacionalmente.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical planning for the management of obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) has changed since the introduction of drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). AIM: To evaluate the technique of barbed sutures reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP) for velopharyngeal collapse and/or oropharyngeal lateral walls after DISE evaluation in OSAHS patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 88 patients were evaluated for surgery by anthropometry, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and respiratory polygraphy. 26 of 88 patients were selected. Of the 26, 14 agreed to surgical treatment, which was selected on DISE findings. In all cases, BRP was performed. RESULTS: Three months after surgery there was improvement in 10/14 patients (Sher criteria, apnea-hypopnea index reduction at <20 or 50% of baseline). The ESS improved on average 12 to 5 (p <0.05). No incidents were reported in the post-operative period and no adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: The BRP technique is a simple and useful technique for the anterior and lateral expansion of the soft palate and oropharynx, with a similar success rate in this cohort to that internationally reported.

Avanço cirúrgico de maxila e ressonância de fala: comparação entre os tipos de fissura / Surgical maxillary advancement and speech resonance: comparison among cleft types

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a influência do tipo de fissura sobre o aparecimento da hipernasalidade após o avanço cirúrgico da maxila (AM). Método A nasalidade foi determinada por meio da medida de nasalância (correlato acústico da nasalidade) utilizando-se a nasometria. Foi realizada a análise dos escores de nasalância de 17 indivíduos com fissura isolada de palato (FP), 118 com fissura de lábio e palato unilateral (FLPU) e 69 com fissura de lábio e palato bilateral (FLPB), de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 28 anos, submetidos ao AM. Apenas indivíduos com escores de nasalância indicativos de ressonância equilibrada previamente ao AM foram incluídos neste estudo. A nasometria foi realizada, em média, três dias antes e 15 meses após o AM. A proporção de pacientes que apresentaram escores de nasalância indicativos de hipernasalidade após o AM foi calculada por meio do teste ANOVA e a comparação entre os diferentes tipos de fissura foi realizada utilizando-se o teste Qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultados Não foi observada diferença significante entre as proporções de indivíduos com hipernasalidade, de acordo com o tipo de fissura. Conclusão A nasometria mostrou que o aparecimento da hipernasalidade após o AM, em indivíduos com fissura de palato envolvendo ou não o lábio, ocorreu em proporções similares independentemente do tipo de fissura.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigated the influence of the cleft type on the appearance of hypernasality after surgical maxillary advancement (MA). Methods Nasality was determined by measurement of nasalance (acoustic correlate of nasality) by nasometry. The study involved analysis of the nasalance scores of 17 individuals with isolated cleft palate (CP), 118 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 69 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), of both sexes, aged 18 to 28 years, after MA. Only individuals with normal nasalance scores indicating balanced resonance before MA were included in this study. Nasometry was performed 3 days before and 15 months after MA, on average. The proportion of patients who presented nasalance scores indicating hypernasality after surgery was calculated by the ANOVA test, and comparison among the different cleft types was evaluated by the chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results No significant difference was found in the proportions of individuals with hypernasality among the cleft types. Conclusion Nasometry showed that the appearance of hypernasality after MA in individuals with cleft palate with or without cleft lip occurred in similar proportions, regardless of the cleft type.

Changes of postoperative velopharyngeal function in children with cleft palate under 5 years old / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To demonstrate the regularity of velopharyngeal function recovery after primary cleft palatoplasty and its correlation with different surgical procedures, ages, cleft types, and follow-up times.@*METHODS@#Patients with cleft palate under 5 years old who had more than two follow-up records were included in this study, and consecutive evaluations of postoperative velopharyngeal function were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to reveal the regularity of postoperative velopharyngeal function and the possible influencing factors.@*RESULTS@#A total of 165 patients were included. Inconsistent functions of the velopharyngeal closure were observed in 31 patients, of which velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in the first follow-up converted to velopharyngeal competence (VPC) in the second follow-up, accounting for 18.79% of the total, and 134 patients had consistent velopharyngeal function. The patients in the group who had consistent velopharyngeal function were younger than those in the group who were inconsistent, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The younger the operation age, the patient's velopharyngeal function was more likely to stabilize at the first follow-up. At the time of the first follow-up in 15, 28, and 40 months, the probability that the patients had stable postoperative velopharyngeal function was 80%, 90%, and 95%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The recovery of velopharyn-geal function after surgery is a dynamic process. The velopharyngeal status of patients can be converted from VPI to VPC. Meanwhile, VPC cannot switch to VPI. The follow-up time is the most important factor affecting the consistency of the evaluation of velopharyngeal function. Choosing appro-priate follow-up time is the key to obtain the stable evaluation of velopharyngeal function.

Velopharyngeal closure pattern and speech characteristics of patients congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze velopharyngeal closure patterns and speech characteristics of patients with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency.@*METHODS@#Patients visiting the Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University between 2009 and 2017 were reviewed. Outcomes of subjective speech evaluation, including resonance, consonant articulation, and correction rate, were analyzed. Furthermore, the mobility of soft palate and pharyngeal walls under nasopharyngeal fiberscope were analyzed retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#A total of 47 cases were retrieved and subjected to nasopharyngeal fiberscopic examination. Among them, 29 (61.7%) demonstrated a circular closure pattern, 16 (34.0%) showed a coronal pattern, and 2 (4.3%) had a sagittal pattern. Furthermore, 25 (53.2%) presented medium soft-palate mobility, 22 (46.8%) had weak lateral pharyngeal wall mobility, and 41 (87.2%) had no posterior pharyngeal wall mobility. Among all of the patients, 23 (48.9%) presented medium hypernasality, accounting for the highest proportion. Consonant misarticulation occurred in 89.4% of the cases. The articulation manners with the highest correction rate were in the following order: nasal, lateral, fricatives, stops, and affricates. The articulation places with the highest correction rate were in the following order: bilabial, alveolar, velar, and linguadental.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Circular closure was the most prevalent velopharyngeal closure pattern among patients with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency, and consonant omission was the most common articulation abnormality.

Abordagem fonoaudiológica nas fissuras orofaciais não sindrômicas: revisão de literatura / Speech pathology treatment on nonsyndromic orofacial clefts: literature review

A fi ssura labiopalatina é uma malformação comum que ocorre em virtude da falta de fusão dos processos embrionários que formam a face e o palato. A avaliação e o tratamento voltados à fi ssura labiopalatina envolvem uma equipe multidisciplinar que contempla, entre outras especialidades, cirurgião-plástico, fonoaudiólogo, ortodontista, cirurgião-bucomaxilofacial, cirurgião-dentista, odontopediatra, otorrinolaringologista e psicólogo. Desse modo, por meio da assistência com profi ssionais especializados, é possível alcançar resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios, proporcionando interações sociais mais efetivas e consequentemente melhor qualidade de vida ao fi ssurado. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar alguns dos princípios da ação do fonoaudiólogo nas fi ssuras orofaciais não sindrômicas, destacando-se a avaliação e terapia voltadas à função alimentar, mecanismo velofaríngeo e aspectos articulatórios da fala. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Como critério de inclusão dos trabalhos, consideraram-se publicações em coletâneas de repercussão na área fonoaudiológica e manuscritos que contemplassem os seguintes temas: aleitamento, orientações pré e pós-cirúrgicas, articulações compensatórias, função velofaríngea e terapia fonoaudiológica.

Cleft lip and palate is a common defect that occurs due to the lack of fusion of embryonic processes that form the face and the palate. Evaluation and treatment for cleft lip and palate involve an interdisciplinary team that includes, among other specialties, plastic surgeon, speech-language therapist, otorhinolaryngology, audiologist, orthodontist, maxillofacial surgeon and psychologist. Thus, through assistance with specialized professionals, it is possible to achieve satisfactory results, providing more effective social interactions and consequently better quality of life to subject with cleft lip and palate. The aim of this paper is to present some of the speech-language therapist's action principles on typical orofacial clefts, emphasizing the evaluation and therapy focused on food function, velopharyngeal mechanism and articulatory aspects of speech. Therefore, we proceeded to a literature review. For the inclusion of the papers, the following topics were considered: breastfeeding, pre and post-surgical guidelines, compensatory articulation, velopharyngeal function and speech-language therapy

Resultados de habla en la rehabilitación protésica de la insuficiencia velofaríngea secundaria a fisura palatina: reporte de caso / Speech results in prosthetic rehabilitation of velopharyngeal insufficiency secondary to cleft palate: case report

RESUMEN La insuficiencia velofaríngea (IVF) corresponde a cualquier defecto estructural del paladar blando o de las paredes de la faringe, caracterizado por la ausencia de tejido suficiente para lograr un cierre adecuado del mecanismo velofaríngeo durante el habla, lo que genera resonancia hipernasal y emisión nasal. En los casos de fisura con compromiso de paladar, el tratamiento para corregir la IVF puede ser quirúrgico o protésico, acompañado de intervención fonoaudiológica, pues la corrección física no elimina las alteraciones funcionales. Se presentan los resultados de habla obtenidos en un adulto hablante chileno diagnosticado con IVF secundaria a fisura palatina, rehabilitado en Fundación Gantz con prótesis de paladar obturadora y tratamiento fonoaudiológico. La evaluación mediante análisis perceptivo auditivo y nasometría evidencia una mejora del mecanismo velofaríngeo durante el habla.

ABSTRACT The velopharyngeal insufficiency (IVF) corresponds to any structural defect of the soft palate or the walls of the pharynx, where there is not enough tissue to achieve an adequate closure of the velopharyngeal mechanism during speech, generating hypernasal resonance and nasal emission. In cases of cleft palate, the treatment to correct IVF may be surgical or prosthetic, accompanied by speech therapy. The speech results obtained in a native speaker of Chilean Spanish diagnosed with IVF secondary to cleft palate, rehabilitated in Fundación Gantz with a palatal obturator (speech bulb) and speech therapy are presented. The evaluation by auditory perceptual analysis and nasometry show an improvement of the velopharyngeal mechanism during speech.

Voz hipernasal y regurgitación nasal aguda: reporte de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Hypernasal speech and acute nasal regurgitation: a case report and a review of the literature

RESUMEN La voz hipernasal y la regurgitación nasal son síntomas de disfunción velofaríngea. Ésta puede tener múltiples causas: anatómicas, neurológicas o funcionales. Se describe el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de 13 años, que se presenta con voz hipernasal y regurgitación nasal aguda. Al examen físico se evidencia inmovilidad del velo del paladar derecho sin otros hallazgos neurológicos. El estudio con resonancia nuclear magnética de cerebro y punción lumbar fueron normales. Se diagnosticó una incompetencia velofaríngea aguda transitoria, de probable etiología viral. La paciente evolucionó de forma favorable con mejoría clínica progresiva. La incompetencia velofaríngea a causa de una paresia o parálisis del nervio vago y/o nervio glosofaríngeo es una causa poco frecuente de disfunción velofaríngea.

ABSTRACT Hypernasal speech and nasal regurgitation are symptoms of velopharyngeal dysfunction. This may have multiple causes, including velopharyngeal incompetence due to paresis or paralysis of the vagus nerve and/or glossopharyngeal nerve. We describe the case of a 13 year-old female patient, with hypernasal speech and acute nasal regurgitation, with a physical examination showing immobility of the right palate with no other neurological findings. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and lumbar puncture was normal. Transient acute velopharyngeal incompetence was diagnosed, probably of viral etiology. The patient evolved favorably with progressive clinical improvement. Velopharyngeal incompetence due to paresis or paralysis of the vagus and/or glossopharyngeal nerves is a rare cause of velopharyngeal dysfunction.

A secção cirúrgica do retalho faríngeo pode comprometer a ressonância de fala de indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina? / Could the speech resonance of individuals with cleft lip and palate be affected by complete section of pharyngeal flap?

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o efeito da cirurgia para secção completa do retalho faríngeo sobre a hipernasalidade de fala. Métodos Foram avaliados 26 indivíduos com fissura de palato±lábio reparada, submetidos à cirurgia de retalho faríngeo para tratamento da insuficiência velofaríngea e que, em função do aparecimento de queixas respiratórias, necessitaram nova cirurgia para secção do retalho. A hipernasalidade foi determinada por meio das avaliações perceptiva e nasométrica da fala 18 meses, em média, após a secção do retalho. Na avaliação perceptiva, a hipernasalidade foi classificada como: 1 = ausente ou 2 = presente e, na nasometria, foi determinada por meio da medida da nasalância durante a leitura de sentenças contendo, exclusivamente, sons orais, considerando-se, como limite de normalidade, o escore de 27% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados A avaliação perceptiva mostrou que, antes da secção do retalho, oito (31%) indivíduos apresentavam ressonância equilibrada e 18 (69%) apresentavam hipernasalidade. Após a cirurgia, um (4%) paciente permaneceu com ressonância equilibrada e 25 (96%) apresentaram hipernasalidade. De acordo com a nasometria, antes da cirurgia, 13 (57%) indivíduos apresentaram valores de nasalância inferiores a 27%, indicando ausência de hipernasalidade (média = 15±8%) e dez (43%) pacientes apresentaram valores indicativos de hipernasalidade (média = 41±7%). Após a cirurgia, quatro (17%) pacientes permaneceram com valores indicativos de ausência de hipernasalidade (média = 19±10%) e 19 (83%) apresentaram valores de nasalância indicativos de hipernasalidade (média = 45±7%). Diferença entre as avaliações perceptiva e nasométrica da fala não foi observada. Conclusão A cirurgia para secção completa do retalho faríngeo causou deterioração da ressonância de fala, levando ao reaparecimento da hipernasalidade, na maioria dos pacientes estudados.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of complete section of pharyngeal flap on speech hypernasality. Methods The study analyzed twenty-six individuals with repaired cleft palate±lip underwent pharyngeal flap surgery to treat velopharyngeal insufficiency and posteriorly underwent complete section of the flap due to the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. Hypernasality was determined by auditory-perceptual speech assessments and nasometry at 18 months after surgery, on average. Hypernasality was perceptually classified as: 1 = absent or 2 = present and determined by nasalance measurement during reading of sentences containing exclusively oral sounds, considering a cutoff of 27% (p ≤ 0.05). Results Perceptual assessment before section of the flap revealed that eight (31%) individuals showed normal resonance, while 18 (69%) presented hypernasality. After surgery, one (4%) subject remained with normal resonance and 25 (96%) presented hypernasality. According to nasometry, before surgery, 13 (57%) individuals presented nasalance scores lower than 27%, indicative of absence of hypernasality (mean = 15±8%) and ten (43%) presented nasalance scores indicative of hypernasality (mean = 41±7%). After surgery, four (17%) patients remained with scores indicative of absence of hypernasality (mean = 19±10%) and for 19 (83%) the nasalance scores were indicative of hypernasality (mean = 45±7%). There was no difference between perceptual and nasometric speech evaluations. Conclusion Surgery for complete section of pharyngeal flap caused deterioration of speech resonance, leading to the reappearance of hypernasality in most patients in this study.

Factors affecting the postoperative velopharyngeal function among aged patients with cleft palate / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the prognostic factors affecting the primary surgical management of aged patients with cleft palate.@*METHODS@#This study reviewed aged patients with cleft palate who received Furlow palatoplasty (surgical age≥5 years) at the cleft center at West China Hospital of Stomatology from 2009 to 2014. The study retrieved intraoperative mea-surements, including velar length, pharyngeal depth, cleft width, maxillary width, cleft palate index, and palatopharyngeal ratio. Speech evaluation results at follow-up at least a year after surgery were also obtained. Logistic regression and retrospec-tive analyses were performed to identify correlative prognostic factors.@*RESULTS@#One hundred and thirty-one patients were included (70 males and 61 females). Dichotomy logistic regression analysis revealed that pharyngeal depth was the only mea-surement considerably associated with postoperative velopharyngeal function. Pharyngeal depth deeper than 16 mm indicated high risk of postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Pharyn-geal depth is a significant prognostic factor for the primary surgical management of aged patients with cleft palate. Pharyn-goplasty might be considered when planning the primary management of aged patients.

Prosthetic rehabilitation by double-processing technique for edentulous patient with soft palate defect after maxillectomy: A case report / 대한치과보철학회지

A patient who went through maxillectomy can have soft palate defects including oronasal fistulas and suffer from dysphagia and dysarthria due to velopharyngeal insufficiency. This defect causes the food to enter nasal cavity and creates hypernasal sound which debilitates a quality of life. An obturator can rehabilitate the substantial oral tissue defects. The maxillary obturator separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx during speech and deglutition by closing of the defect. For edentulous obturator patient, it is difficult to obtain proper retention due to reduced peripheral sealing. Therefore, the contours of the defects must be used to maximize the retention, stability, and support. Hollow type obturator can improve physiologic function by reducing weight than the traditional obturator. This case report describes a patient with hemi-maxillectomy who recovers mastication, speech, deglutition, and appearance with a maxillary obturator using physiological border molding of the velopharyngeal area and double-processing method.

Buccinator myomucosal flap for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate and/or lip / Buccinator myomucosal flap for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate and/or lip

Abstract Introduction: The interpretation of the speech results obtained with the buccinator myomucosal flap in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate has been limited by the restriction in the number of patients and the time of postoperative follow-up. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the buccinator myomucosal flap on speech hypernasality in the treatment of patients with cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Methods: Patients with repaired cleft palate (± lip) who were submitted to surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency using the bilateral buccinator myomucosal flap were assessed. Hypernasality (scores 0 [absent], 1 [mild], 2 [moderate], or 3 [severe]) was analyzed by three evaluators by measuring the audiovisual records collected in early and late preoperative and postoperative periods (3 and 12 months, respectively). The values were considered significant for a 95% Confidence Interval (p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-seven patients with cleft palate (± lip) showing moderate (16.2%) or severe (83.8%) hypernasality in the preoperative period were included. Analyses of the late postoperative period showed that hypernasality (0.5 ± 0.7) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the hypernasality of the preoperative and recent postoperative periods (2.8 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 0.9, respectively). Conclusion: The buccinator myomucosal flap is effective in reducing/eliminating hypernasality in patients with cleft palate (± lip) and velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Resumo: Introdução: A interpretação dos resultados de fala obtidos com o retalho miomucoso do músculo bucinador no tratamento da insuficiência velofaríngea em pacientes fissurados tem sido limitada pela restrição do número de pacientes e do tempo de seguimento pós-operatório. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do retalho miomucoso do músculo bucinador sobre a hipernasalidade da fala no tratamento de pacientes fissurados com insuficiência velofaríngea. Método: Foram avaliados pacientes com fissura palatina (± lábio) reparada, com retalho miomucoso do músculo bucinador bilateral para a correção cirúrgica da insuficiência velofaríngea. A hipernasalidade (escores 0 [ausente], 1 [leve], 2 [moderada] ou 3 [severa]) foi analisada por três avaliadores por meio da mensuração dos registros audiovisuais coletados nos períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatórios recente e tardio (3 e 12 meses, respectivamente). Os valores foram considerados significativos para um intervalo de confiança de 95% (p < 0,05). Resultado: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes fissurados com hipernasalidade moderada (16,2%) ou severa (83,8%) no período pré-operatório. As análises do período pós-operatório tardio revelaram que a hipernasalidade (0,5 ± 0,7) foi significativamente (p < 0,05) menor do que a hipernasalidade dos períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatório recente (2,8 ± 0,4 e 1,7 ± 0,9; respectivamente). Conclusão: O retalho miomucoso do músculo bucinador é eficaz na redução/eliminação da hipernasalidade nos pacientes fissurados com insuficiência velofaríngea.

Correção de fissura palatina com retalho músculo mucoso de bucinador: resultados de 6 casos após 27 anos / Correction of palatine fistulas with a musculo-mucosal buccinator flap: results of 6 cases after 27 years

Introdução: O retalho miomucoso de músculo bucinador, descrito em 1989, pode ser utilizado para corrigir fístulas palatinas, fissuras com alongamento do palato mole ou cobrir áreas cruentas após ressecções de tumores. Métodos: Trata-se da análise do resultado após 27 anos de 6 casos de pacientes operados no Hospital de Base e na Santa Casa de São José do Rio Preto, no período de 1984 a 1989, e reavaliados em 2016, nos quais foram realizados retalhos miomucosos de bucinador para correção de fissura palatina. Resultados: Dos 36 casos operados, 6 foram reavaliados após 27 anos, dos quais 5 trataram-se de correção primária e 1 de correção secundária (fístula após fechamento de fissura palatina). Todos os casos obtiveram resultados satisfatórios no crescimento maxilar, na correção da fistula palatina e na função da fala. Conclusão: Apesar de estatisticamente não significativo, o presente estudo demonstrou que o retalho miomucoso de músculo bucinador para correção e alongamento do palato é um procedimento adequado, com resultados de crescimento maxilar normal ou próximo disso e fala praticamente normal, mesmo sem adequado tratamento fonoaudiológico.

Introduction: The buccal musculo-mucosal patch, described in 1989, can be used to correct palatine fistulas and fissures with stretching of the soft palate, or to cover bloody areas after tumor resection. Methods: This is an analysis of the 27-year postoperative results for 6 patients who underwent operation at Base Hospital and Santa Casa de São José do Rio Preto between 1984 and 1989, and reassessed in 2016, when a myo-buccinator mucosa was used for cleft palate correction. Results: Of the 36 operated cases, 6 were reevaluated after 27 years, of which 5 had primary correction and 1 had a secondary correction (fistula after cleft palate closure). All the cases had satisfactory results in terms of maxillary growth, correction of the palatine fistula, and speech function. Conclusion: Although not statistically significant, the present study demonstrated that the buccal musculo-mucosal flap is an adequate procedure for correction and stretching of the palate, with normal or near-normal maxillary growth and practically normal speech even without adequate phono-audiological treatment.

Puntos de aproximación de pilares en amigdalectomía pediátrica / Pillars´ approach suture points in pediatric tonsillectomy / Pontos de abordagem dos pilares na tonsilectomia pediátrica

INTRODUCCIÓN: A lo largo de los años, varias técnicas de amigdalectomía han sido desarrolladas y modificadas con el fin de reducir su morbimortalidad. Diversos estudios han comparado estas técnicas, no habiendo consenso en cuanto al método con mejores resultados. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es describir la técnica personal de amigdalectomía y analizar la frecuencia de sangrado y el desarrollo de insuficiencia velopalatina post-quirúrgica en la cirugía con aproximación de pilares. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes operados de amigdalectomía con amigdalotomo de Daniels, de 3 a 15 años, en el período comprendido desde febrero de 2017 a febrero de 2018, en el sistema de salud Malvinas Argentinas. Se interrogó por sintomatología de sangrado e insuficiencia velopalatina mediante una encuesta de elaboración propia a la semana y al mes post-quirúrgico...

INTRODUCTION: Throughout the years, several tonsillectomy techniques have been developed and modified in order to reduce their morbidity and mortality. Several studies have compared these techniques, and there is no consensus regarding the method with better results. The objective of our study is to describe the personal technique of tonsillectomy and analyze the frequency of bleeding and development of post-surgical velopalatine insufficiency in surgery with abutment approach. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive, prospective study. We included patients undergoing tonsillectomy with Daniels, from between 3 and 15 years old, from February 2017 to February 2018, in the Malvinas Argentinas hospital. They were interrogated for symptomatology of bleeding and velopalatine insufficiency by through of a self-developed questionnaire one week and one month after surgery…

INTRODUÇÃO: Ao longo dos anos, várias técnicas de amigdalectomia foram desenvolvidas e modificadas para reduzir sua morbidade e mortalidade. Diversos estudos compararam essas técnicas, não havendo consenso em relação ao método com melhores resultados. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é descrever a técnica pessoal de amigdalectomia e analisar a frequência de sangramento e o desenvolvimento de insuficiência velopalatina pós-cirúrgica em cirurgia com abordagem de abutment. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à tonsilotomia com tonsilectomia de Daniels, de 3 a 15 anos, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018, no sistema de saúde Malvinas Argentinas. Foi interrogado por sintomatologia de hemorragia e insuficiência velopalatine por meio de um questionário autodevelado durante a semana e o mês pós-cirúrgico...